Forgiveness Essay - 1329 Words

Simon Wiesenthal’s question â€Å"What would [you] have done† if one had the opportunity to forgive a Nazi soldier forces humanity to understand and apply our moral repertoire. My moral repertoire I mean the set of moral beliefs that informs our understanding of forgiveness and the criteria by which we evaluate its Karl the Nazi Soldier, who initiates our inquiry into forgiveness, represents multiple identities. He is at once a rational human being, a member and supporter of the Nazi military, a murderer, and actor and representative of the State. Because of the simultaneously occurrence and fluidity of these identities conflation is an easy mistake in constructing exactly who we are forgiving. To forgive Karl the individual is very†¦show more content†¦Because forgiveness and trust are similar potential actions of victims Greiff’s point can be taken as indicative of the nature of forgiveness. Forgiveness, in its everyday connotation, is a mechanism that repairs a relationship after a wrong. It requires the victim to have a change of heart, however fleeting, while releasing the transgressor from the moral debt acquired from the wrong. From this, the issue that Greiff points us to is clarified: the question is not simply whether a person can forgive the state but whether the mec hanism of forgiveness can be applied to a state. As derived from our sample of literature this mechanism of forgiveness cannot be applied to the political bodies and must be located elsewhere. TRANSITION: Our course’s literature provides needed insight into the role of political bodies after an atrocity in both restoring civilian life and rebuilding the state. In â€Å"Apology, Justice, and Respect: A Critical Defense of Political Apology† Janna Thompson attempts to nuance and defend the oft hallowed act of politicalShow MoreRelatedForgiveness And Forgiveness : Forgiveness1970 Words   |  8 PagesForgiveness is a topic that is relevant to every person who has ever lived. We all need forgiveness, and we all need to give forgiveness. However, before we can tackle what forgiveness is, we need to address some faulty thinking when it comes to forgiveness. There are several things that forgiveness is not. It is not having a good feeling towards the person who wronged you. If you are waiting to feel good towards the person who hurt you, you are going to wait a long time. Forgiveness is not simplyRead MoreThe Solution : Forgiveness And Forgiveness802 Words   |  4 Pagesgive us hope and a future. (Jeremiah 29.11 niv) i could not continue living my life in this state of mind. an immediate change was vital or something drastic could have occurred. the solution was forgiveness and forgiveness is a medication of cleansness. as hard as it was, i had to forgive. forgiveness was harder with an individual because of death prior to establishing peace. it has been hard because i thougth i had forgiven, but over the years, i found myself continuously living in the effectsRead MoreForgiveness : The Idea Of Forgiveness3363 Words   |  14 PagesThe notion of forgiveness is an important concept in our lives. It is defined as the act of apologizing or making up for the wrong one might have done to something or someone, including themselves. Often the concept of forgiveness is associated with atonement as one tries to make up for the wrong done in a situation or an event. However, the emotions associated with forgiveness vary and are dependent upon the person asking for forgiveness and the person receiving it. Many times it is difficult forRead MoreForgiveness Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesForgiveness Jesus forgave many sinners throughout his ministry, but many people were upset at his actions e.g. when Jesus healed a paralysed man. In Palestine it was the general belief that sickness was caused by sin. When Jesus saw how much faith the man had he forgave all of his sins, and the man was able to pick up his mat and walk home. Jesus believed that he could heal physically and spiritually, but the Pharisees were Read MoreSelf Forgiveness975 Words   |  4 Pagesintrapersonal forgiveness, but very little regarding self-forgiveness. The purpose of this article was to bring attention to the topic of self-forgiveness within this growing body of research. The definitions of self-forgiveness from many disciplines were reviewed along with what features of self-forgiveness differ from those of intrapersonal forgiveness emphasizing the need for an increase in empirical research on the subject matter. There are many unanswered questions regarding self-forgiveness. It isRead MoreForgiveness : Pardon Letter1594 Words   |  7 PagesSusan Kobzeff FORGIVENESS: Pardon Me Fresno Pacific University Authors Note Susan Kobzeff, Business Management 59 Cohort, Fresno North Campus, Signature Assignment, BIB314, Christopher Casselman. Forgiveness: Pardon Me Forgiveness is a word that is used quite flippantly in everyday language. Using it so loosely waters it down, which extracts its depth and value. Forgiveness is something that everyone desires when they have done wrong. When someone asks for forgiveness when they haveRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of Forgiveness1308 Words   |  6 PagesOne the other hand, there are various benefits from forgiveness. An individual who is more opt to forgiving is more likely to have better mental, physical, and emotional health. When an individual grants forgiveness, it is seen to build on the core of empathy which involves positive emotional, behavioral, and cognitive responses (Witvliet et al., 2001). Bringing upon a more positive and healthy mental, physical, and emotional well-being. When an individual forgives another, they release themselvesRead MorePersuasive Essay On Forgiveness879 Words   |  4 PagesI Believe in Forgiveness I always imagined the power of forgiveness to be something magical like once you forgave someone everything changed that you no longer felt pain and those memories would not haunt you I thought it was make you free. Seeing what I did to my family and myself I now know what forgiveness truly means. It began with a wound one that seemed that it was so deep and would never heal. For years I tried hiding and protecting that part of me. November will be the anniversary of whenRead MoreImportance And Significance Of Forgiveness2610 Words   |  11 Pages The purpose of this research paper is the importance and significance of â€Å"forgiveness† in resolving conflict. In order to resolve a conflict completely, forgiveness is at some point is a must. It may not come immediately, and an ‘I’m sorry’ may not be enough for one person to be able to forgive the other, but one has to be open to having the ability to both give and receive it in order for reconciliation to be completely successful. One may ask how forgiving someone they are in conflict with isRead MoreForgiveness And Its Impact On Education2276 Words   |  10 PagesTo resolve a conflict, forgiveness is at some point is a must. It may not come immediately, but one has to be open to having the abi lity to both give and receive it in order for reconciliation to be successful. One may ask how forgiving someone they are in conflict with is important to achieving a positive outcome, such as reconciliation. This paper is going to explore that question and show that yes, having the ability to forgive, is very significant in finding a resolution to the conflict. It

History, Culture and Identity of Mothers and Daughters in...

History, Culture and Identity of Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club is a novel that deals with many controversial issues. These issues unfold in her stories about four Chinese mothers and their American raised daughters. The novel begins with the mothers talking about their own childhood’s and the relationship that they had with their mothers. Then it focuses on the daughters and how they were raised, then to the daughters current lives, and finally back to the mothers who finish their stories. Tan uses these mother-daughter relationships to describe conflicts of history, culture, and identity and how each of these themes are intertwined with one another through the mothers and†¦show more content†¦Their roles as women in China were also very different than their daughters’ roles as women in America. They were taught to be obedient and to listen to and respect their parents and their husbands. They do not understand why their daughters would want to disobey them, and their daughters do not und erstand why their mothers expect so much of them. What Jing-Mei doesn’t understand is that her mother just wants the best for her because she loves and cares about her. For example, when Jing-Mei Woo says that she will never be the kind of daughter that her mother, Suyaun wants her to be, her mother replies Only two kinds of daughters†¦Those who are obedient and those who follow their own mind! Only one kind of daughter can live in this house. Obedient daughter! (pg. 153). Suyaun is frustrated because she would have never acted the way Jing-Mei is acting, towards her own mother. Women in China could never act disobedient towards anyone, or else they would be disowned. With all the cultural clashes that the mothers and daughters are facing in The Joy Luck Club, it is hard for the characters to have a sense of identity. The daughters are torn between Chinese and American culture and are trying to figure out who they are. The daughters are also trying to figure out who their mothers are and how that affects them. The mothers have two lives, the ones they live in America and the ones that they left behind inShow MoreRelatedAmericanization in The Joy Luck Club Essay1963 Words   |  8 PagesAmericanization in The Joy Luck Club Oftentimes the children of immigrants to the United States lose the sense of cultural background in which their parents had tried so desperately to instill within them. According to Walter Shear, â€Å"It is an unseen terror that runs through both the distinct social spectrum experienced by the mothers in China and the lack of such social definition in the daughters’ lives.† This â€Å"unseen terror† is portrayed in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club as four ChineseRead More Essay on Search for Identity in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club1103 Words   |  5 PagesSearch for Identity in Joy Luck Club      Ã‚   Each person reaches a point in their life when they begin to search for their own, unique identity. In her novel, Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan follows Jing Mei on her search for her Chinese identity – an identity long neglected.    Four Chinese mothers have migrated to America. Each hope for their daughter’s success and pray that they will not experience the hardships faced in China. One mother, Suyuan, imparts her knowledge on her daughter throughRead MoreThe Struggles Faced in the Color Purple and the Joy Luck Club1856 Words   |  8 PagesThe Struggles Faced in The Color Purple and The Joy Luck Club A common bond of struggle links the novels The Color Purple by Alice Walker and The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan. Rape, suicide, death, war, oppression, and racism invade the two novels. In The Color Purple, Celie overcomes racism, violence, and other issues to find dignity and love. In the Joy Luck Club, the daughters struggle for acceptance, love, and happiness. Though the characters endure many hardships they survive not only by not becomingRead More The Struggles Faced In The Color Purple And The Joy Luck Club1809 Words   |  8 Pages The Struggles Faced in The Color Purple and The Joy Luck Club A common bond of struggle links the novels The Color Purple by Alice Walker and The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan. Rape, suicide, death, war, oppression, and racism invade the two novels. In The Color Purple, Celie overcomes racism, violence, and other issues to find dignity and love. In the Joy Luck Club, the daughters struggle for acceptance, love, and happiness. Though the characters endure many hardships they survive not only by not becomingRead More The Search for Identity in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club Essay3982 Words   |  16 PagesThe Search for Identity in The Joy Luck Club  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Chinese immigrants enter the United States of America, it is evident from the start that they are in a world far different than their homeland. Face to face with a dominant culture that often times acts and thinks in ways contrary to their previous lives, immigrants are on a difficult path of attempting to become an American. Chinese immigrants find themselves often caught between two worlds: the old world of structured, traditionalRead More The Importance of History and Culture in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club1170 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of History and Culture in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club   Ã‚  Ã‚   The impact of history and culture on an individuals life is tremendous. History plays a large role in forming an individual because it helps them develop morals, ideals, and goals in life. It begins the process of finding an identity. The past is never forgotten because it leaves marks on ones life as a scar does to ones body. It may go unseen physically, but the emotional effects it produces last a lifetime, and can continueRead MoreAsian Immigration And The United States2508 Words   |  11 Pageswould be the root of Liu’s struggle with his ethnic identity and race growing up. Liu did not grow up with a â€Å"tiger mom† in the likes of Amy Chua , but a relaxed father who spoke English better than typical Chinese immigrants and a mother who only wanted him to be a â€Å"good boy†. Eric Liu happily and completely assimilated into American culture, and it was not until after he was married in his late twenties did he begin to question his Chinese ide ntity. For Eric Liu, his assimilation â€Å"began long beforeRead MoreSummary Of Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club 1328 Words   |  6 Pages English Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club explores the role of family history in a person’s development. Tan’s subtext suggests that knowing the life story of one’s parents is paramount to gaining a whole sense of one’s self and growing up. More specifically, Jing Mei Woo, one of the main characters in the novel, is still a child at 36, her growth stunted by difficult experiences with her mother Suyuan, at a young age. In truth, Jing Mei never knew who her mother actually was until afterRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club Summary1138 Words   |  5 Pagescriticism, â€Å"Language as Barrier and Bridge in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club† is written by Mohamed Samir, who is from Faculty of Philosophy department at the University of Vaasa. He enforces the point that despite that the mother’s have strong roots from China, their daughters through being raised in America, on the other hand, are disconnected. Hence, the daughters are yet to discover their racial ide ntity, but through an honest effort made by their mothers they are guided towards uncovering it. He arguesRead MoreA Pair Of Tickets By Amy Tan1651 Words   |  7 Pages A Pair of Tickets Amy Tan was Chinese –American, born in San Francisco to Chinese immigrants. Amy didn’t set out to be a writer, but she loved writing. When she wrote the Joy Luck Club, it was about stories from four different families that met every week and played mahjong, ate Chinese food, and told stories. Amy didn’t realize how much of these stories she absorbed growing up. Amy never set out to write about her own life, but when she began writing, she realized she had unconscientiously subsumed

Business Use the Unconventional Strategies -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Business Use The Unconventional Strategies? Answer: Introdcucation The mission statement of delta hedge fund management lies at the heart of the economy. In this, the organization aims at providing the best products for the market. The ability to provide the best quality of the market is a principle that is ingrained in the culture of the organization and provides the platform to serve the community. The variety of products provided for the market meet most of the demands of the public and therefore serves to improve the public relations in comparison to the other organizations. Furthermore, the organization considers the sensitivity level of the market in term of prices and the demand for a commodity before deciding on the future and final prices of a commodity that will be distributed to these different markets. Our Vision Delta hedge fund management is founded on the most of strict guidelines which serve to propel the organization to greater heights. Furthermore, the employees are devoted to the working principles which serve to ensure that the ability to engage the market with unique products is achieved. By this engagement, the organization knows how to interact with the market and therefore provides commodities and goods that are well received. The products and services The organization offers a variety of recreational goods and services with retail stores available including bike shops and sports shops. The commodities fit the needs and the specifics of the customer but most importantly are customized to meet the requirements of the whole market. The determining factor on the proportion of the market that is covered by products mainly revolves around the demand (Tan, n.d.). In line with this, the discount stores are the most dominant and later on followed by the sports stores. The bike shops cover the smallest percentage of the market but are effective in ensuring that the market demand is satisfied. Company structure Delta hedge fund is a company on the rise and has been continually satisfying the market since its inception. There are various companies that are in competition with delta hedge fund management but the management structure of the company is fully equipped to ensure that the company is in operation and that it keeps the rival organizations at bay. Companies that employ people based on credentials, such as delta hedge, tend to be very successful (Thomas Karodia, 2014). It is important to understand that delta hedge is within the larger delta investment management group. At the helm of the company is Mr. Atkenson.Mr. Atkenson can be described as a simple and brilliant individual who has a vast knowledge of economics and business. Therefore, he is well equipped to oversee any turmoil within the companys finances and furthermore ensures that the profits are kept within the desirable limit while guaranteeing the customers the satisfaction that they so much deserve and want. He is a founding principal of the organization which just indicates the zeal for excellence. Before Mr.Atkenson was involved in the founding and development of the organization, he had worked in previous organizations that generally entails the same activities as Delta Hedge. Initially, he was a managing director at a bank. In this, he managed the Bank of America before he moved on to delta force capital. At delta force capital, Mr.Atkenson played a bigger role in the new position of partner and portfolio manager. All this engagement with various markets and sectors have enabled him to have an amount of experience which goes beyond 20 years. Furthermore, this has enabled him to be among the people who help build the institutional sales team that is found on the west coast sides of America. All this has enabled him to serve the position better. Finally, the educational credentials of Mr.Atkenson are impressive as his management of the organization. He has managed to obtain a bachelors of economics from Harvard and has been able to obtain a master on the same from the Stanford University Graduate School of business. Second in line is Andrew Houghton.Mr. Andrew is also a founding principal of the organization and has worked alongside Mr.Atkenson at delta investment for a very long time. The understanding between the two individuals is a factor that has steered the organization to greater heights as in line with the vision and the mission statements. In this regard and like Mr.Atkenson, Mr. Andrew has 20 years of experience working in this line of work. In line with the work experience of Mr. Andrew, he first served in the position of senior sales at the bank of American securities. later on, he moved to managing position serving as the managing director at think equity.His movement and cofounding of the organization came after serving as the portfolio manager, just like me.Atkenson, in delta force capital. The company has been thrust forth by the understanding between the co-founders of the company and the working experience they both have. In this, they have a combined working experience of about 40 years. The educational background of Mr. Andrew is very much like that of Mr.Atkenson and revolves around economics. However, unlike the latter, he only has a bachelor of economics that was obtained from Boston University.In addition to this, he has done various charitable works such as serving as a peace volunteer in West Africa. Finally, Mr. Andrew is dedicated to the knowledge having written his own book and also an editor in the investment newsletter. The management of the company comprises of consultants and Ms. Jackie Patterson is one such consultant to the company. Consultation is a very important aspect in the management and operations of the company and therefore any person and/or party employed by an organization in the position of consultancy must be very knowledgeable (Boxall Purcell, 2011). It is of particular concern that the two co-founders have managed to acquire the services of Ms. Patterson who has an array of tasks and knowledge underneath her sleeves. She has over 20 years of software that revolve around computers and technology but has knowledge going to over 8 years working in the investment industry. More to this is the fact that Ms.pattrson is also an entrepreneur having founded her own organization by the name of dba backtesting report. The organization deals with mountain trading. In line with her working experience in consultation, she has worked with various organizations mainly in the position of consulta ncy. One such organization is fidelity investments and this can be attributed to her educational background. Ms.Patterson managed to obtain a degree in electrical engineering and computer science from the University of Colorado. Budget Allocation The budgeting strategy employed by each organization determines the short term as well as the long-term sustainability issues and attainment of the goals (Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). This being the guiding principle of delta hedge budgeting, a lot of measures and steps have been taken to ensure that the amount of money disbursed to the different sectors is able to cater for the operations which in turn means an increase in the profit margins of the organization. According to the investigations conducted, the key products have different forecasted as well as actual demands.The adventure products have the highest forecasted demands while the Adv2 commodities have the actual highest demand. The third and fourth products which are gear up and furious have slightly lower forecasted and actual demands and this has to be considered in the budgetary allocation. Therefore, in line with the budgetary allocation and distribution, the most important determinants are the actual and forecasted values (Joseph, 2017). Furthermore, the closing inventory also plays a significant part in the framework to be employed. The details of the commodities are provided in a number of reports such as the market summary, multiform products unit sales, multifarm product awareness, product sales among others. Finally, the forecasted, as well as the actual values, will determine the amount of money allocated to the public relations and advertisement sector with the main aim to improve on the sales that are still behind while still keeping the other products within the demand criteria. Marketing Strategy Every company or organization has to employ a marketing strategy that can meet the set goals and specification without compromising on the vision statement and/or the mission (Day Evans, 2015). However, marketing depends on the budgeting as well as the effort put behind the scenes to ensure that each strategy is successful (Emerson, 2015). The main agenda of marketing is to increase the coverage of an organization in the market by mainly attracting new customers but at the same time maintaining the previous ones (Feloni, 2015). It is, therefore, an intense process that requires wit and understanding. As with Delta hedge, the main strategies employed involve the use of media.Therefore, the organization employs the different forms which include magazine, television, and radios.However, the strategies employed have to consider the marketing information (Thai, 2015) such as the size of the segment and the market, the product dimension sensitivities, the preference, branding and the media channels to be used (Angeles, 2017). The marketing strategy to be employed in any case, therefore, has to be under intense scrutiny with the determinant factors the coverage as well as the product in consideration (Dudovskiy, 2012). One case scenario is the media channels and the viewing habits. In case of delta hedge fund, it has been noted that the different segments have different rates at which they can be achieved with the different channels. The segments include: youth, mountain, road, max advertising and max PR. on the other hand, the media channels under consideration are the television, internet, and magazines. The organization has categorized and reflected on the percentage used and the accompanying factors. Another aspect that may be looked into is the branding and in this, it is worthwhile to note that corporate branding is able to generate a humongous amount of traffic to a particular commodity which in turn will ensure that it thrives in the market (Furtwengler, 2015). The fact that advertising, public rel ations, and the branding all work in a synchronized function to ensure that a particular commodity thrives in the market is also an important aspect to consider in the context of marketing strategy. The Marketing Model Marketing is based on the profitability of the individual commodities with more emphasis on those likely to generate more revenue than the rest (Laudon Traver, 2014). However, according to the marketing strategy employed and the coverage, the expenditure can vary between $ 0 and $ 2.8 million. The minimal expenditure occurs when the coverage of the television, internet, and magazines is at 0% while the $2.8 million expenditure occurs when the coverage of the television, internet, and magazine is at 44.5%, 48.5% and 41.4% respectively. By drawing the graphs of the three advertising and PR channels, the organization is able to select an optimal channel through which the market may be covered. In trying to ensure that the operations of the organizations are sustainable (Handford, 2010) and well managed (Ferell Fraedrich, 2015), scheduled meetings are an important assessment tool (Peterson, et al., n.d.). The meetings are mainly as a result of the board discussions but take the various matters into consideration. The meetings held in this case considered the public relations and marketing strategy, the budgetary allocation, the profits and the turnover and the commodities available. The first meeting pertains the public relations and the marketing strategy. The ability of the company to maintain profits while at the same time ensuring that the advertising strategies employed are efficient depends on the budgetary allocations. Therefore, a detailed review of the budget, as well as the channels used, was proposed. The meeting pertaining the budgetary allocation mainly engulfed the aspects of advertising and PR, new commodities and the profits. The development of new commodities to satisfy the ever increasing market may only be achieved by increasing the amount allocated to this sector. Furthermore, the advertisement and PR, as discussed before, will need to be looked into in terms of the budget. Finally, the profitability and turnover of the organization were looked into detail in terms of the current ordered inventory, ordered, forecasted and the closing. All this would provide a blueprint for the profitability. References Angeles, S., 2017. Beyond powerpoint: presentation tools for small businesses. Business news daily. Boxall, P. Purcell, J., 2011. strategy and human resource management. s.l.:s.n. Carroll, A. Buchholtz, A., 2014. Business and society: ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. s.l.:s.n. Day, D. Evans, M., 2015. 10 Key Steps To Expanding Your Business Globally. [Online] Available at: www.forbes.com/2015/03/04/10-Key-Steps-To-Expanding-Your-Business-Globally Dudovskiy, J., 2012. impact of communication technology on business. Emerson, m., 2015. ^ tips for managing small business finances. [Online] Available at: www.succeedasyourownboss.com Feloni, R., 2015. Google's Hr boss shares 10 secrets to running a company everyone wants to work for. [Online] Available at: amp.businessinsider.com/google-laszlo-block-management-tips-2015-5 Ferell, O. C. Friedrich, J., 2015. Business Ethics: Ethical decision making and cases. s.l.:s.n. Furtwangler, D., 2015. Become a Maverick: GrowYour Business Using the Unconventional Strategies of World-Class Companies.. s.l.:s.n. Handford, M., 2010. The language of business meetings. s.l.:s.n. Joseph, C., 2017. factors that may cause a change in an organization. Small business. Laudon, K. Traver, C., 2014. E-commerce: Business, Technology, Society.. s.l.:s.n. Peterson, S. D., Jaret, P. E. Schenck, b. F., n.d. How to identify opportunities and threats in business planning. [Online] Available at: www.dummies.com/business/start-a-business/business-plans/How to identify opportunities and threats in business planning Tan, J. S., n.d. Trends In Organizational Change. [Online] Available at: referenceforbusiness.com/management/tr-z/trends-in-organizational-change.html [Accessed 17 August 2017]. Thai, V. V., 2015. Information technology as Competitive Advantage: the role of human, business and technology resources. Maritime economics and logistics. Thomas, S. Karodia, A. M., 2014. HUMAN RESOURCES PRACTICES AT GOOGLE IN TERMS OF SOME, MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE: EXPLORING THE ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT. Arabian Journal of business and management review.

What Does the Research Say About How Parents Affect the Development of Children’s Personalities free essay sample

Understanding how individual personalities are shaped has yet to be fully uncovered, by modern research standards. What does the research say about how parents affect the development of children’s personalities? In answering this question, this paper addresses how much of a child’s personality is actually hard-wired by genetics and how much is influenced by parents, through bonding, attention and even neglect. The long-standing question of nature vs. urture has plagued scientists for centuries and current research is attempting to answer just how powerfully ones parents can affect ones future. In order, this paper concentrates on first the nurture aspect of personality development in children, followed by the argument for nature, to provide contrast. 4 relevant journal articles were sourced to provide adequate background on research and trends in psychological studies. As stated, let’s look first at how nurture determines a child’s personality through the evidence that parents are the cause of maladaptive behaviour. We will write a custom essay sample on What Does the Research Say About How Parents Affect the Development of Children’s Personalities? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hall and Geher (2003) state that â€Å"it has long been recognized that the infant-caregiver attachment is of immense importance† (as cited in Hall amp; Geher, 2003, p. 145). We know that the first year of a child’s life is essential to their development in later years. We see how crucial building secure attachments with the parents are to overall health, confidence and the growth of qualities such as empathy and motivation, as posed by Kagan (1999). Research has a lot to suggest about the effects of harsh discipline and lack of warmth from the parents. A lack of secure attachment, either through abuse, neglect or abandonment has been linked to everything from psychological abnormalities to developmental problems to violent behaviour, as introduced by Rogosch and Cicchetti (2004). These consequences can range from simply relatively disruptive such as the behaviour discussed by Brook, Brook amp; Whiteman (2000) as â€Å"the predictors of insecure and dependent behaviour include maternal child-rearing practices that hinder optimal emotional development in the child†. Studies have repeatedly shown that children admire and imitate their immediate caregivers: â€Å"By age 4 or 5 years, children believe, unconsciously, that some of the attributes of their parents are part of their own repertoire, even although this belief might have no objective basis† (as cited by Kagan, 1999, pg. 165). This can explain why children of college graduates are more inclined themselves to acquire a degree and why children of underclass families are vulnerable to shame when interacting with peers, Kagan (1999) explains. Because the positive effects of proper parenting and family structure are difficult to quantify (such as high intelligence, or more competence and confidence), according to Kagan (1999), there is less to say about the topic than the negative effects, which can be more easily identified through psychological testing and diagnosis of disorders such as RAD. Once behaviour or personality is established it is important to understand whether it is relatively stable across childhood and if the consequences of maltreatment are permanent. Longitudinal studies have been conducted which examine the consistency of a child’s personality and behaviour across a certain time-span. Rogosch amp; Cicchetti (2004) integrated a longitudinal study which found â€Å"overall, the correlations indicate considerable stability in the personality dimensions over time† (as cited in Rogosch amp; Cicchetti, 2004, pg. 136), in reference to the personality study they conducted. This suggests that once the â€Å"base† of a child’s character is created, age and experience do not alter significantly. However, evidence has been uncovered through adoption studies, explained by Kagan (1999), which has found that psychologically and emotionally impaired orphans given a loving home can actually â€Å"reverse† the effects of their harsh experiences and start life anew. Despite the success of these adopted children, further intelligence testing found they were not on par with the average child, a possible remnant of their psychological scarring. In reference to the persistence of RAD into adulthood, Hall amp; Geher (2003) state: â€Å"Many of them commit criminal acts as adults if the behavioral patterns of childhood persist into adulthood† (as cited in Hall amp; Geher, 2003, p. 145). However: â€Å"Further research regarding the antecedents, general effects, and long-term consequences of RAD is greatly needed† (as cited in Hall amp; Geher, 2003, p. 145). This means that though effects of insufficient bonds are found to be long-lasting and relatively stable across the span of childhood and adulthood, this is not to suggest that adaptive behaviours do not exist. The main issue in this argument is whether the development of personality lies completely with the parents or whether other factors, mainly biological ones, play a part in determining psychological and emotional health. It would make sense that children born with different personalities will behave differently, respond differently and take different paths in life. Therefore, it might be possible for a child born with a certain temperament to be more susceptible to problem behaviour. There is little research to determine whether children are predisposed to behaving a certain way, but the nature argument has been used for centuries s seen in Weiten amp; McCann (2007). So how much can temperament affect the forming of secure bonds and emotional attachment, things proven to contribute to healthy development? Can a child’s behaviour influence a parent’s response? Research done by Brook, Brook amp; Whiteman (2000) has found 4 different types of attachment patterns in toddlers, and 20% of children fall into the â€Å"high reactive† category in which they resist most motherly attention, and are shy and anxious, especially in unfamiliar settings or new people. Does this behaviour have an effect on how the mother reacts to the child? Does being a â€Å"high reactive† child predispose someone to being unable to form the secure attachment bonds essential to normal psychological development? Research has yet to conclude that being â€Å"high reactive† is a causative factor. Kagan (1999) introduced research that has also been conducted on ordinal position and its influence on the personalities of children. However, just because studies have shown that first-born children become valedictorians and are more likely to do better in school doesn’t mean all first-borns are hardwired to do so, or that second- and third-born children cannot achieve such things. Is the research done for child-attachment patterns accurate and reliable? Because many of the studies rely mainly on self-report and caregiver-report information. In research being done to support these claims, numerous studies have been done linking both positive and negative parenting practices to either especially adaptive or problematic behaviour. Among these are adoption research, child abuse research, animal research and child-attachment research, each of which is described and used by each of the 4 journal articles. Sufficient evidence has been found to show that parents are in fact the main contributing factor to a child’s growth and development. In the case of nature vs. nurture, it seems the evidence is on the side of nurture. It seems children’s personalities are contingent on whether their parents can exhibit warm, loving characteristics, are able to form secure attachment bonds, create a positive family environment for the child and abstain from maladaptive parenting practices such neglect and abuse.